Author
Chris Pearson
Categories
5G Outdoor Wireless Networks
This blog was originally posted on LinkedIn, August 14, 2019.
It’s now been a little over ten and a half years since the introduction of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) in December 2008, which has been the fastest growing mobile broadband technology in history. Over the years, we’ve seen strong and steady improvements in radio and antenna technology that have been foundational to the creation of faster wireless networks with better coverage and quality for customers.
5G Americas’ latest white paper Advanced Antenna Systems for 5G, looks at current industry trends in 5G antenna technology that are continuing to drive improvements in throughput, coverage, and reduced latency. These technologies include advanced capabilities like beamforming, beam management and massive MIMO on spectrum that has never been used before for cellular wireless communications.
Before moving ahead, let’s take a step back. You may have a mental image of a radio, as you tune to different channels while capturing a signal from the single antenna. Now imagine that wireless network radios work in a similar way, and they also have transceivers so they can send and receive data signals. As radios have become sophisticated, more antennas and transceivers have been added and arranged into arrays with dozens of elements positioned both horizontally and vertically.
CLICK TO TWEET: 5G Americas' Chris Pearson explains how operators continue to enhance the user experience through better coverage and capacity in the network.
Beamforming essentially “points” an antenna to actively or passively “listen” to a specific area or device and, as a technology, has been around since of the early days of mobile broadband. Beginning with 3G, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology allows for data signals to be sent or received over several antennas using the same channel. Imagine how good your car radio would sound if you had an array of multiple antennas!
Fast forward to June 2019 and 3GPP’s Release 15. Improvements in beamforming and beam management (beam switching, recovery and refinement) techniques can now increase coverage and capacity across more control and broadcast channels compared to LTE, with radios of up to 64 or more transceiver and antenna elements. Massive MIMO adds even more capacity without adding more antenna elements, due to the increasing degrees of freedom that is available to an antenna array to modify a transmitted signal – even for multiple users and antennas.
Unleashing New Spectrum
The new antenna technologies are now capable of taking advantage of spectrum that has never been used before in commercial cellular wireless communications – millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. Fully integrated radio arrays can now include more than 100 transceiver and antenna elements.
With these improvements, new 5G spectrum below 6 GHz and in the millimeter wave range will allow for significant improvements in coverage and capacity, which were not possible using 4G spectrum alone. Usage of these large wide swaths of new spectrum bands for 5G are part of the reason 5G trials are showing vast increases in peak throughput - for instance, up to 8 concurrent streams at 20 Gbits/sec downloads and 4 concurrent streams of 10 Gbits/sec uploads.
So far, 5G New Radio (NR) has been primarily deployed in “Time Division Duplex” (TDD) spectrum bands, which split data signals between transceivers doing the downloads and those doing the uploads in different time increments on the same radio frequency. 5G NR radios will operate in low, mid and high band spectrum. Additionally, 5G NR will be deployed for both TDD and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) bands (FDD allows for simultaneous up/downloads).
Existing sub-3 GHz bands will still be essential to supporting 5G NR deployments. In fact, several network operators are already testing 5G in the sub-3 GHz spectrum bands they’re currently using for 4G, and I expect this will be true going forward for many areas around the world. Each operator will need to review their own spectrum portfolio to determine their best spectrum bands for deploying 5G.
Racheting Up the Complexity – and the Performance
5G NR sites are expected to have a combination of passive and active antennas with high performing passive antennas continuing to be crucial in the next wireless generation. However, active advanced antenna systems for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave are complex and operate much differently than a passive antenna. It will take a great deal of active network management to ensure all the network elements communicate with each other.
Indeed, implementing 5G will require using a vast toolbox of both passive and active radio solutions in sub-6 GHz spectrum bands, both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), that will have to take into consideration performance versus cost, EMF emissions, and deployment constraints among others.
5G will also usher in the age of Integrated Antenna & Base Stations (IAB), due to massive MIMO and mmWave requirements for tighter integration of RF electronics and antennas. Also, multi-element antenna arrays will stay the same size or could grow physically larger with the addition of massive MIMO.
Through all of this, there will be two major impacts to the increasing complexity and radio integration. Spectral efficiency will improve with better control of radio frequency (RF) losses and passive intermodulation (PIM), due to the RF front end being integrated into the antenna. Power consumption will also increase, requiring more heat dissipation due to the massive MIMO antenna size increases.
What to Use Depends on Where and How You Use It
With 23 commercial 5G deployments as of July 2019, we are still in the early stages of seeing how and where 5G New Radios will ultimately be used. We do know for sure that there will be many different use cases and deployment scenarios including urban, suburban and rural with fixed wireless access for both passive antennas and advanced antenna systems.
In general, high band spectrum coverage can be more challenging than low or mid-band, requiring more advanced antenna systems to achieve high performance in large areas. Here are a few basic scenarios:
- In dense city centers with few macro cell locations, increased small cell density takes advantage of both vertical and horizontal beamforming
- Dense urban high-rise environments with tall buildings, high traffic density, and rooftop site deployments often use macro cells complemented by dedicated indoor small cell sites using primarily low-power horizontal beamforming
- In urban low-rise, vertical beamforming can be lower due to even building heights of about four to six floors
- In suburban and rural areas, capacity and coverage is primarily provided with existing macro cells primarily using horizontal beamforming
- With rural and fixed wireless, cost effective coverage means sparse deployment of tall sites using low band spectrum with selective densification at population centers. Fixed wireless deployments use large antenna apertures and new mid or high band spectrum
Overall, operators continue to enhance the user experience through better coverage and capacity in the network. For now, more sophisticated 3GPP testing methodologies are demonstrating positive results for 5G NR. 3GPP Release 15 sets a solid foundation for additional improvements in advanced smart antenna solutions and mmWave in the years ahead.
